| Ear Infections Series |
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Ear Health: Part One
In this program Dr Jamie Mapleson and Joy Bulkanhawuy discuss what Yolŋu know about hearing and the meaning of words in Yolŋu Matha related to the ear.
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Ear Health: Part Two
This program aims to familiarize people with the anatomy of the middle and inner ear. Bulkanhawuy and Dr Jamie talk about the eardrum, middle ear, auditory ossicles, cochlea, Eustachian tube and eighth nerve that transmits messages from the inner ear to the brain. Bulkanhawuy talks about Yolŋu words that might be appropriate to use for these parts of the ear.
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Ear Health: Part Three
This program discusses the way that sound travels through the outer, middle and inner ear and is carried as a message to the brain.
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Ear Health: Part Four
Dr Jamie talks about how Balanda doctors began learning this story about how we hear only about 50 years ago. Bulkanhawuy goes on to talk about the symptoms of ear infections, traditional topical medicines that Yolŋu use and what happens when people go to the clinic with an ear infection. Dr Jamie explains the instrument that doctors use to look at the eardrum.
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Ear Health: Part Five
This program discusses middle ear infections, bacteria and how they are connected. Bulkanhawuy asks which way bacteria enter the ear.
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Ear Health: Part Six
Dr Jamie talks through how bacteria enter through the nose, travel down the Eustachian tube, and reproduce in the middle ear. When the pressure is too much the eardrum bursts resulting in people seeing pus coming out of the ear. The eardrum can become scarred or have permanent holes making it difficult for sound to travel through the parts of the ear and carry the message to the brain. Dr Jamie and Bulkanhawuy discuss how traditional Yolŋu topical medicines work well for outer ear infections while antibiotics are given for middle ear infections to kill bacteria breeding inside the ear.
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| Germ Theory Programs |
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Live Germ Theory: Part One
This series of four programs features live recordings using microscopes to discover what germs are and how they behave. Understanding how microscopes work is the first step to understanding germs and infectious diseases. The first program is a conversation about how microscopes work and discusses how curved glass makes things appear bigger. Yolŋu describe the telescopes that Macassans brought to Arnhem Land.
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Live Germ Theory: Part Two
This program is a live recording looking at head lice under a dissector microscope. Yolŋu participants describe what they can see such as the mouth, joints, eyes and antenna and how the microscope makes these things bigger.
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Live Germ Theory: Part Three
In this program ARDS educators look at head lice under a compound microscope. A compound microscope is more powerful than a dissector and allows us to see things that we can’t see with our eyes. Under the compound microscope we can see the hairs on the legs of the lice as well as its intestines.
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Live Germ Theory: Part Four
The previous programs in this series have shown how microscopes allow us to see things that we can’t see with our eyes. In this part, educators have a look at dirt under the compound microscope and describe the appearance and movement of bacteria. Where bacteria live and how they can cause infections is discussed.
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Infectious vs Non-Infectious Part 1
Continuing series of live germ theory. This program delves deeper into parts of germ theory discussing behaviours, dwellings and appearance of three types of bacteria (cocci, bacilli, spirochetes) while watching the actual germs through compound microscope.
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Infectious vs Non-Infectious Part 2
Completing live recording of germ theory. Then the story explains “infection vs non-infection” which is quite foreign concept for those who have limited understanding of germ theory. To compare two views of sickness between Yolngu and non-Yolngu people, this program endeavours to describe why non-Yolngu (doctors in hospitals) distinguish sickness into two groups; infectious and the other non-infectious. This program provides a definition of “infection”.
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Infectious vs Non-Infectious Part 3
Reflecting upon the previous story “infection”, and the last series of “live germ theory” . Discusses behaviours of non-infectious diseases, which is not caused by germs. This is not how Yolngu categorise whole groups of sicknesses, yet this is how non-Yolngu doctors usually do. This program finishes with a strong message from the Yolngu consultant that people categorise whole groups of sicknesses into two groups, Infectious and non-Infectious. The first group is caused by germs which we have been watching through microscopes, and the other group, non-infectious is caused by other reasons using several examples.
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Prevention: Hygiene Programs
Cockroach 1: Introduction to cockroaches; Balanda and Yolngu knowledge.
There are 4000 species of cockroaches worldwide. Yolŋu in north- east Arnhem land have two native species. One of these is edible; the other can be used as an anaesthetic for skin wounds. In this program Wapiriny Gurruwiwi tells linguist Dr Marilyn McLellan the traditional stories related to these cockroaches and how Yolŋu use them. 7:54
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Cockroach 2: Cockroaches are ‘Pests’
Household cockroaches are known in English as ‘pests’. This program begins to unpack the meaning behind the English word ‘pest’ by discussing other familiar examples of pests in Arnhem Land including buffaloes and cane toads. These animals came from overseas, became wild, and began to cause problems for humans and their environment. The cockroaches in our houses came from America, Germany, and Asia and fit this category. 9:15
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Cockroach 3: Cockroach Habitats
In this program Wapiriny asks where cockroaches (which are pests), like to live and what they like to eat. The answers to these questions show why they like to live in houses, and breed especially well in tropical areas such as north Australia. 6:43
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Cockroach 4: Cockroaches, People and Bacteria
Yolŋu are well aware that cockroaches can be physically annoying when living in houses, but research for this topic indicates that people are not aware of why else they might pose a problem for humans. This program discusses the ‘dhuḏi dhäwu’ or ‘bottom story’ of cockroaches relating to bacteria, and the way that they can carry pathogens on their body that are transferred to humans. 6:42
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Cockroach 6: Pest Control
This program discusses different methods of pest control emphasising prevention by not leaving leftover food out inside the house. 9:40
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Cockroach 7: Pest Control Continued
This program continues the linguistic investigation of the concept of ‘pest control’. 8:52
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Cockroach 8: Cockroaches and Bacteria
Bacteria and microscopes. Wapiriny describes what it was like to see bacteria through a microscope for the first time and emphasises that they are invisible to the naked eye. Talks about bacteria liking to live in the same places as cockroaches and eating leftover or scrap foods. 12:14
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Cockroach 9: Housing and Hygiene
This program discusses the first mission houses, how most food was cooked and eaten outside, and the toilet was separate from the house. Wapiriny and Bulkanhawuy then discuss traditional houses and law around hygiene and safety. 16:54
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Cockroach 10: Traditional anti-bacterial use of Eucalyptus oil
Yolŋu have a traditional medicine they call ‘rubbing oil’ which comes from the eucalyptus tree. This program discusses how eucalyptus has anti- bacterial properties. 5:49
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| Germs, Virus and Bacteria Programs |
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The differences between bacteria and viruses
This program explains the differences between bacteria and viruses – specifically size difference, difference in treatments (antibiotics and antivirals) and their actions and the difference in diseases caused by each. 6:13
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What are germs? Part 01 of 2
This program begins with an exploration of some of the different Yolngu words and phrases used to describe germs and bacteria. Scientists are always finding new types of bacteria and viruses; they name them according to their different characteristics. There are already over 500,000 different germs, all of which can only be seen under a microscope. Germs live everywhere; in earth, air, water or even in our intestines. Only a few can make us sick, the rest are harmless and some even help us like lactobacillus acidophilus, which helps our intestine digest food.
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What are germs? Part 02 of 2
There are good bacteria living in our intestine that aid digestion so food can move across into our blood and nourish the body. Diarrhoea can cause us to lose many of these good bacteria but they reproduce again inside us. Many bacteria eat dead flesh, which then breaks down and fertilises the earth, leaving only bones. Earthworms are similar in the way they turn over the soil and break down leaf matter. All bacteria have different jobs and only a few are harmful. Re-emphasises that using Yolŋu Matha terms mewirri and wäy' we are using them like scientific names [ensures Yolŋu know ARDS is showing respect for people whose names etc are related to these words]. The reproduction of bacteria is discussed.
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| Antibiotics Programs |
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The making of the antibiotics DVD 01 of 04
ARDS staff talk about the making of the Antibiotics DVD - Language and Cultural Consultant Yurranydjil Dhurrkay talks about the three main points she learnt from working on the DVD. 1) bacteria can come into parts of our bodies and "make a home" and thus make us sick; 2) antibiotics are a special medicine which kill bacteria in our bodies 3) She explains how she learnt what antibiotic resistance means and that it can occur if we don't finish a full course of Antibiotics.
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The making of the antibiotics DVD 02 of 04
ARDS staff talk about the making of the Antibiotics DVD - Language and Cultural Consultant Yurranydjil Dhurrkay and Linguist Mally McLellan discuss the process of finding out how to translate key English terms into Yolŋu Matha, using "Infection" as an example. Includes an in-depth definition of "Infection" in Yolŋu Matha
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The making of the antibiotics DVD 03 of 04
ARDS staff talk about the making of the Antibiotics DVD - ARDS educator Peter Bellach discusses his role acting as a scientist who was growing bacteria and accidentally discovered mould that killed bacteria. This started the development of antibiotics.
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The making of the antibiotics DVD 04 of 04
ARDS staff talk about the making of the Antibiotics DVD – The Senior Health Educator talks about the process of researching the DVD and particularly talking with Yolŋu about their experience of getting medicine from the clinic but not understanding what it is for or how it works. The DVD provides this information for people.
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| Strongyloides Programs |
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Strongyloides Part 1: Djiniyini's experience of Strogyloides
Story of a previous sufferer of Strongyloides 10:49
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Strongyloides Part 2: Strongyloides Makes People Sick For Life
Talks about Strongyloides in Northern Australia making people sick for life 12:42
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Strongyloides Part 3: What Strongyloides Looks Like?
Description of the Strongyloides worm 11:48
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Strongyloides Part 4: Strongyloides Life Cycle
Following the life cycle of Strongyloides through the body 12:36
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Strongyloides Part 5: Strongyloides multiplies in the body; secondary infection
Secondary infections resulting from Strongyloides 12:00
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Strongyloides Part 6: The Immune System slows Strongyloides reproduction
Describes how the immune system hinders Strongyloides 10:18
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Strongyloides Part 7: Symptoms caused by Strongyloides
Describing recognisable symptoms 13:08
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Strongyloides Part 8: Fatal Strongyloidiosis
Discusses how Strongyloides can become fatal 12:27
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Strongyloides Part 9: Testing for, and treating Strongyloides
How to test for, and treat Strongyloides 13:28
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Strongyloides Part 10: Stopping Strongyloides from spreading (Prevention)
Discusses methods of prevention for the spread of Strongyloides 12:35
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| Scabies Programs |
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Scabies: Part One
Talks about what Scabies look like and where they live
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Scabies: Part Two
Talking about Scabies sores, kidney and heart disease
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Scabies: Part Three
Talking about Scabies and Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
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Scabies: Part Four
Discusses how to get rid of scabies
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| Tuberculosis Programs |
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Tuberculosis: (01 of 06) History 09:36
Most people are familiar with the short name TB, for the disease Tuberculosis. TB has been around for a very long time; it dates back to the pyramids in Egypt. It has been found in many countries around the world such as China, Africa, PNG, India, Australia and many others. In the 1920’s in the mission times, there was a lot of TB in Australia, spreading from the first settlers in Sydney throughout the country. In those times, TB patients were sent to a ‘sanatorium’ to keep infected people away from others, in an attempt to quell the spread of TB. Today all refugees and new people entering Australia are tested for TB.
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Tuberculosis: (02 of 06) History in Australia 06:22
TB was one of the main infectious diseases that were widespread in Australia in the early 1900’s. TB is a germ that is easily transmitted from one person to another through saliva. TB patients used to be put in the ‘sanatorium’ while they were sick, because there wasn’t adequate medicine and many people were dying from TB. Now TB patients must take antibiotics for up to 6 months to ensure complete recovery.
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Tuberculosis: (03 of 06) The response of white blood cells 04:46
TB is a germ that lives inside the lungs (which is why it makes us cough) and this germ is easily transmitted through saliva. The white blood cells within our blood fight the germs or diseases that enter our body. Both the white blood cells and the TB germs are so small they can only be seen under a microscope.
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Tuberculosis: (04 of 06) Treatment 04:01
This program is a short discussion defining what types of illnesses and ailments are considered treatable and why. TB is considered ‘goŋmirri’ because there is medicine available now to treat it, whereas HIV is not ‘goŋmirri’.
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Tuberculosis: (05 of 06) Treatment and antibiotics 14:27
TB is ‘goŋmirri’ or treatable because there is antibiotics available as a cure. Antibiotics have only been available to treat TB since 1943, before that there was no cure. Antibiotics can cure many illnesses; however, there is a global concern about ‘antibiotic resistance’, which mainly occurs through people not finishing their full course of antibiotics. Due to the increase of antibiotic resistant germs, there is the global risk of running out of effective antibiotics. This is why it is so important to finish all the antibiotics that the doctor gives you. The antibiotics for TB must be taken for up to 6 months, with the supervision of a doctor or nurse each day, because it is such a strong disease and the risk of antibiotic resistance must be minimised.
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Tuberculosis: (06 of 06) Prevention 09:24
TB is spread from one person to another, through saliva such as spit from coughing. White blood cells try to kill TB, but it is too strong so a TB patient must take antibiotics too. Sunlight and fresh air are also good for killing germs. To prevent the spread of disease in a household, the windows and doors can be open to let the fresh air and sunlight into the rooms. If there is any concerns that someone might have TB, or they have had a bad cough for more than two weeks they should go to the doctor for a check up and a chest x-ray to find out.
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Tuberculosis: (01 of 05) Introduction 03:01
This program introduces the disease TB, or Tuberculosis. TB is caused by a germ, or bacteria, that can only be seen with a microscope. The TB bacteria can be passed from person to person through saliva particles in the air from coughing. TB has been around for hundreds of years and millions of people all over the world have died from TB. Fortunately, in Australia, we have antibiotics available to cure TB.
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Tuberculosis: (02 of 05) Description 05:17
When someone with TB coughs, tiny particles of sputum are easily released into the air, which then can be breathed in by somebody else. This is how TB is easily transmitted from one person to another. There are many hairlike cilia in our large airways. They move like seaweed in the current and can sweep out many germs from our airways. We can then cough out or swallow these germs. Smoking stops the cilia from working properly, making it easier for the TB bacteria to pass by into the lungs. There the TB bacteria find a good place to live in the small airways. The bacteria then start to reproduce, by one splitting into two bacteria, taking from half a day up to four days.
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Tuberculosis: (03 of 05) Symptoms and the immune system 14:09
This program provides a detailed explanation of the reaction of the white blood cells to the intrusion of the TB bacteria into the body; this includes the defence mechanisms of the TB bacteria and their capability to invade individual white blood cells and the effects this has on the body. It follows on to explain the process of other white blood cells building ‘antibodies’ or ‘spears’ of immunity against further attack by TB bacteria in the immediate or distant future.
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Tuberculosis: (04 of 05) The immune system and treatment 10:53
This program continues from part five, explaining further about the response of the white blood cells and their attack on the TB bacteria; generally they have the ability to put the TB bacteria into a state of dormancy, but not to kill them completely. The TB bacteria can lie dormant in the body for years, but reproduce once again if the individual becomes sick and the immune system weakens. The symptoms of TB are provided: feeling sick and weak, having a cough for more than two weeks, coughing up blood, becoming skinny, feverish and having swollen lymph nodes. The key method of transmission, coughing, is covered. Treatment through antibiotics and the Australian Government’s efforts to rid Australia of TB are the topics that conclude this program.
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Tuberculosis: (05 of 05) Vaccination 07:32
This program explains medical testing for TB and the response of the immune system to an injection of small amount of dead TB bacteria; if a person has had TB before, their arm will develop a lump around the injection site as the white blood cells attack the dead TB bacteria with antibodies that they learnt to make previously. If a person has not had TB before there will be no lump as the white blood cells have not yet learnt how to made antibodies to defend against TB. Explains how babies are vaccinated against TB when they are only 2-3 days old and the processes involved in building immunity to TB through vaccination.
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Other Infectious Disease Programs
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Dengue Fever Alert
Program advising people to look out for mosquitoes 12:47
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Meningitis disease: Part 1 of 2
This program is an introduction to Meningitis and meningococcal bacteria in particular. It discusses asymptomatic carriage of the bacteria in nasopharynx and how the bacteria can be spread from person to person (via coughing, sneezing, kissing, saliva etc). This program also highlights prevalence of carriage in communities. 13:50
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Meningitis disease: Part 2 of 2
This program discusses how meningococcal bacteria infects the lining of the brain and makes us sick; It provides details of the symptoms and treatment of meningitis. 16:11
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Meliodosis story
Story about the life cycle of meliodosis 10:05 |
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